Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. At some point, a eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed ...

In chloroplasts, cpSRP use two mechanisms to ... It is therefore interesting to note that red algae have an SRP RNA, whereas so far no cpSRP43 homologs have been identified in such organisms.

of I. Editor’s note: To reach Angad Mehta, email apm8@illinois.edu. The paper “Photosynthetic directed endosymbiosis to investigate the role of bioenergetics in chloroplast function and ...