Using a metal cannula may damage the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct; a safer alternative is a soft Teflon catheter (Fig. 2). Trauma can result in scar tissue formation, which can result in ...

Practical Treatment of Lacrimal Symptoms in the Presence of Patent Drainage It will be evident that, rather than FNLDO being a single entity, it is actually a period within the natural history of ...

Many causes of epiphora are unrelated to anatomical problems in the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. Problems in the upper lacrimal system have often been under-recognized as a cause of epiphora.