When war loomed, the Gerousia ... block of fighters than the enemy was one of the keys to victory. The Spartan formation was typically a minimum of eight lines deep. (1) Each soldier had his ...

More atrocities followed when the assembly voted to chop off the right hands of all prisoners of war in an attempt to prevent them fighting again. Sparta suggested peace, once again Athens refused.

Yet Spartans too fell in battle – so how did ancient Sparta memorialise its wars and war dead? From the poet Tyrtaeus inspiring soldiers with rousing verse in the seventh century BCE to inscriptions ...

The division of the population into distinct social classes varied across different city-states, kingdoms and polities in ...

Mr. Rahe, whose Finnish name is pronounced RAY, has just published “Sparta’s Sicilian Proxy War,” his fifth book on that Greek city-state. A sixth book on Sparta is already in press ...

Sparta and Athens fought a long war, called the Peloponnesian War ... together with just their spears pointing over the top. This formation was known as a ‘phalanx’. A hoplite had to pay ...

the Middle East franchise of the globally popular obstacle race Spartan, is distancing itself from comments made by founder and chief executive Joe De Sena about the Israel-Gaza War. Live updates ...

Sparta and Athens fought a long war, called the Peloponnesian War ... together with just their spears pointing over the top. This formation was known as a ‘phalanx’. A hoplite had to pay ...