Understanding surface roughness is essential for manufacturers to ensure optimal performance and durability of precision ...

Thin film deposition is crucial across industries like semiconductors, photovoltaics, and optics, where achieving high-quality films hinges on effective surface preparation. Contaminants such as ...

To compete with established photovoltaic technologies, PSCs must demonstrate long operational lifetimes, spanning 20-25 years under real-world conditions to match the lifetimes of silicon PV. However, ...

Sheet resistance, measured in ohms per square (Ω/ ), is a parameter that quantifies the resistance of thin conductive layers. In solar cells, it primarily influences the performance of the front ...